Intercultural communicaton analysis Essay Example for Free

Intercultural communicaton analysis Essay The life of every personality is deeply affected by a myriad of intercultural affiliations that affect a person’s ability to interact with other people and be seen by them from a specific viewpoint. Intercultural communication is likely to be particularly affected by cultural stereotypes. Therefore, each person’s life is shaped to a great degree by cross-cultural perceptions and co-cultural affiliations. In my personal case, I have a variety of cultural affiliations that have a direct influence on my life. In the first place, a lot of facets of my experience depend on my physical characteristics, such as my female gender. Being of that gender, I have a different kind of experience with other people, as it seems easier to bond with girls than with boys on certain subjects, and some aspects of physical work and sports are naturally harder for me because of my weaker constitution. In addition to gender, my life is also impacted by my ethnic origin and religious tradition. Being Turkish and Muslim, I tend to follow the rules and norms prescribed by our faith. Thus, I pray five times a day, observe the Ramadan, and attend meetings in the local mosque. As a result, my lifestyle puts me in contact with a lot of Muslims who constitute my immediate circle of communication. In communication with other cultural and religious groups, I have to recognize that my principles and habits are different from most people. Many of my peers, for instance, find it strange that I do not eat or drink by daylight for the entire month of Ramadan. This makes me pause and explain to them the significance of the fast and what it means to me as a Muslim. Being Muslim does not in itself give an exhaustive description of my cultural identity since I have also been exposed to a number of other cultural influences. I am Turkish, and our culture differs in many ways from that of Arabic countries or that of Iran. In addition, I speak English as a second language and went to a French high school. Thus, for me, as for many of my younger countrymen, European cultural influences proved a great impact. I have been watching European movies and read European books since childhood. Knowing English, I was also exposed to the US cultural influence, watching Hollywood blockbusters and interacting with American peers. Belonging to a certain category, one is always an easy target for stereotypes. Thus, it so happened that I am an only child, so many believe that I am spoiled. In a talk with a classmate at school, I had to give examples of household chores that I do at home to dispel his notion of my being utterly â€Å"spoiled†. He only believed me after I told him how I could cook myself the whole dinner for the family at the age of 10. On the other hand, communicating with older people, I have to correct their understanding of college students as spoiled, rough, and careless. Sometimes, I feel as if these qualities are attributed to me by default simply because young people are portrayed in this way in a variety of movies. I try to combat this stereotype by taking time to talk to them at length about my studies and future career plans. I think it gives them an idea that I am serious about college as a way to a better life, not just a socializing event. In this way, my life has been infused with a variety of cultural influences that made me the person I am. At times, it can be difficult to balance many of them, such commitment to my faith with realities of college life here in the US. However, I do my best to try and find a sound approach that will dispel stereotypes and allow me to retain my unique identity. Reference Neuliep, J. W. (2000). Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach. Houghton Mifflin.

Environment Of Kamat Hotels

Environment Of Kamat Hotels Kamat hotels are a new chain of luxury business hotel in India promoted by KHIL (kamat hotel India ltd). Kamat hotel began as a single landmark namely VITS Mumbai, located near Mumbai international airport, but is now recognized all over the India as the symbol of true Indian hospitality. KHIL is a pan-India network of hotels that offers business and leisure travelers a hotel designed for the modern nomad. The hotel promises a whole new experience of tranquility and total wellness proposal. Called the jiva spa, it is a unique concept, based on a mixture of heritage, wisdom and the Indian philosophy of wellness and well being. All hotels built with similar infrastructure are four star hotels which consist of 200 rooms and aims to give prospective customers, a total experience of hospitality. Each hotel has a six banquet halls, a conference hall and fitness clubs complete with sauna and steam bath are open in the lobby area. KHIL is well known for being environmental friendly. It has won many awards like environmental champion, global ecotel, regional direct tourism award and pata (pacific Asia travel association awards), hotel and catering international management associations (HCIMA) best environmental policy 2000, India chapter environmental award for 2001 on the hotel excellence category. In 2009, VITS achieved excellent profitability based on the trend of rising demand for suitable accommodation in the city of Mumbai. Based on its early success, KHIL has expanded heavily in India, opening new branches in more states like Ahmadabad, Aurangabad, Baroda, Gujarat, Hubli, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Nasik, Pune, Sholapur, Surat and it is expected to add twenty more branches in the next five years. With the rapid expansion of Indian economy, budget and mid market hotel segments are fast expanding as more business people travel and look for short pleasant stays. The group also introduced tours and travels in 2010 and was engaged in marketing of destination and package tours. KHIL along with its flagship hotel, VITS are well positioned to meet the increase in travel activities and is set to benefit fully of this market expansion. The restaurants, known for their top quality food, attract high number of middle class families for breakfast, lunch and dinner. However limited capacity of its butchery and bakery cause delays in periods of high customer turnout and often leads to customer complaints KHIL group employees are gentle, skillful, and knowledgeable and are given certificates of honesty which keeps them motivated and loyal. But Management at VITS has been very poor at embracing Technology to help them in their daily task or for the benefit of their customers. There is no Wi-Fi installed on the premises, and internet connections are slow. Management have not upgraded their software but have stuck to their PMS i.e. (property management system) while their competitors are already using Opera or Fidelo, softwares which are faster in performance and standards. Using the stakeholder model, this paper will assess the strengths and weaknesses of VITS and then analyses its external environments using Porters 5 forces model and PESTEL. This will give us a proper indication of the hotels position and will conclude by coming up with workable proposals for VITS. 2.0 Analysis of the internal environment 2.1 Stakeholder model 2.1 Stakeholder An individual, group or business with a keen interest may be positive or negative in an organization success are known as stakeholder. They are concerned with an organization to deliver an intend result and also to meet its financial objectives generally stakeholders are of two types they are internal within the organization and external outside the organization. Stakeholders are shareholders, employee, suppliers, customer, financial institution, government and society. A stakeholder is usually stands to gain or lose depending on the decision taken or policies implemented. 2.1.1 Importance of stakeholder Stakeholders are very important persons who in fact control the organization and the success of the organization lies in their hands. The participation of stakeholders in an organization is from the beginning of the organization. Stakeholder analysis is a technique which is generally used by an organization to identify the importance of key people, groups of people or stakeholders which influence the success of an organization. It is an important process because if we find the needs and interest of stakeholder than it become easier for an organization to achieve its goals. This can be done by an individual or by a team. The analysis helps us to determine the influence and power that each stakeholder has. If we know the most powerful stakeholder than it is easy for an organization to gain support in order to gain success. We can implement stakeholder to an organization in three steps they are {1} identifying the stakeholders, {2} prioritizing the stakeholder and {3} understanding impo rtant stakeholder opinion and interest. 2.1.2 Shareholders KHIL hotels formally reports to their shareholders twice a year when it releases its results. This comes amidst great media and specialized press speculation as KHIL is known to be a star performer. Shareholders have over the past 5 years, constantly been rewarded with dividends to the tune of 21% per annum after tax every single year. They generally hold meetings with their shareholders and stakeholders to keep them informed about the progress of business and future plans for the group. 2.1.3 Employees KHIL hotels places great importance on communication about its business and performance to their employees. They follow a program of effective staff training to understand the purpose and goals of hotel management strategies and deliver on the organizations sustainability objectives. 2.1.4 Suppliers KHIL supports local suppliers and promotes responsible business practice. Given the strength of their bargaining power they can source produce at a very competitive price which helps them on profitability. Supporting local suppliers wherever they are also helps them to build good relations with the community whom they support. Suppliers are very supportive of KHIL and have been working with them ever since they started business. KHIL welcomes feedback from their suppliers which helps them to better understand how they are performing against their peers and they get a clearer picture of risk. 2.1.5 Customers KHIL has mastered guest relationship through constant interaction and feedback from them. They offer top quality service which is known and appreciated by customers. This is what has built the KHIL brand as they are known for the unique experience they offer customers. KHIL charges them a slightly premium price but which customers do not complain about as they feel pampered. Customer feedback lies at the center of their strategy. Customers recommend the hotel to their friends and word of mouth spreads. Feedback and adaptation to customer requirements have kept them ahead of competition and rising up to end increasing guest demands. They have mastered the art of proactively engaging with their guests to understand and anticipate their requirements. 2.1.6 Financial institution KHIL works and is supported by the biggest and the best financial institutions like the State Bank of India, Baroda Bank, ICICI, and private investment funds. Gathering funds for expansion and development is not a problem because of the support as KHIL has always lived up to expectations of financial institutions and has never defaulted. 2.1.7 Government KHIL relies on both central and local government provisions. Statutory and regulatory sanctions of authorities are required for approval of restaurant and bar licenses. As such it is in its best interest to stay within the legal provisions. Both central and local governments are very supportive of KHILs investments as it creates wealth, jobs and supports to local communities. KHIL is a major benefactor of governments incentive schemes and low interest investment funds and this helps to expansion. KHIL does not fail on taxes, levies, duties, company or municipal taxes. KHIL has provided for Rs 1, 63,17,4381/ for the current financial year for different taxes and no dues are pending. 2.1.8 Society KHIL, since the very beginning is a major supporter of social development. This is a reason why communities welcome its developments. The group supports sustainable livelihood as an underlying principle of their social initiatives. In order to improve the quality of life of villagers who live around the hotel KHIL helps them by providing solar lighting, health, hygiene and nutritional support for children and women, drinking water facilities and educational support. They provide hotel related artisan jobs for them like making candles, dusters, staff snacks and stationery. 3.0 Analysis of the specific external environment I will use Porters five forces to analyze KHILs specific external environment. 3.1 Barriers of entry Barriers of entry in the hotel industry are very high as lots of investment goes into initial infrastructure and getting initial customer support. Credit facilities to tour operators and other agents supplying customers result in cash flow issues which very often cannot be supported by new entrants as they rely heavily on loans. 3.2 Availability and substitutes The substitutes exist when the alternative product with lower price and better performance for the same product. Likewise the Kohinoor provides the spa at the low cost compared to KHIL which reduces the potential sales volumes of KHIL. There are a lot of price variation between KHIL and the Kohinoor hotel service, which leads customers to feel that KHIL is at times over priced. The Kohinoor have various rates and tariffs, a good brand image and the hotel chain currently operating different services like spa, boatels, resorts, city center and heritage hotels. 3.3 Bargaining power of suppliers The suppliers consist of all the sources of input that are needed to provide a goods and services. KHIL has good supplier support but is at a disadvantage against competition as it has a tendency of buying because of the long standing friendship they have with suppliers who supported them initially. Very often this plays against price and quality. Furthermore large quantity items are tendered and bought on price which often plays against quality. 3.4 Bargaining power of customers The hotel industry is a very competitive one and having invested in its fixed assets, hotels want to recoup their investment as quickly as possible. They are ready to offer discounts the whole year to attract and keep customers therefore reducing margins. Availability of substitutes such as the Kohinoor improves the bargaining power of customers and they can put even more pressure on margins and volumes. 3.5 Competitive rivalry KHIL has several good challengers like the Kohinoor, Continental and the Mirador who are competing in similar market with similar offerings. The Kohinoor has 200 rooms, excellent conference facilities, multi cuisine restaurants, bars, health clubs, and 24 hours coffee shop, doctor on call, is situated in the main business area of Mumbai and is close to the international airport. These facilities are similar to KHILs and reason why they are strong challengers. This has the overall effect of reducing both revenue and profitability. 4.0 Pestle analysis Pestle analysis is the useful tool to understand the clear picture of the environment in which the organization lies and to find the opportunities and threats that lies in the environment they can be express as the Political, economic, socio cultural, technological, environmental, and legal factors affect an organizations external environment which in turn affects an organization by offering it either opportunities to progress or threats to regress. it is also used as a generic orientation tool to find out about the organization or the product is in the context of what happening inside as well as outside of the organization. 4.1 Political environment One of the political environments for the organization was the times of India (it is a well known newspaper) by Rachna sigh, Jaipur in a bid to attract the international tourists is gearing up with a host of new properties across the different segments. Some of the industries like hotel and tourisms are the backbone of any competitive world. But government charges a huge tax from the hotels which are stars or are in the luxury category these organizations has an impact with the government or the political changes that occurs. If the government takes even a small steps if affect the hotel industries. Its getting huge incentives and the state governments are supporting them in their development. But now Indian hotels are planning to expand in the economic crunch time. The terror attack on the city (Mumbai) renowed hotels like the taj hotel and the oberios had brought into concerns and facing the hoteliers with a drop in foreign travelers to India i.e. the terror attack is one of the threat for hotel industries. 4.2 Legal factor In recent years, government has brought significant changes to the legal framework to facilitate investment and doing business. Several incentive schemes have been introduced to increase investments. Laws that directly impact on the hotel industry are the Hotel development incentive bill, tax holidays of up to 2 years to new investors in the hotel sector, fairer health and safety laws and less stringent employment laws that were acting as limitations to investment. This has led to a lot of development as investors have easy access to funds and are supported by incentives. These new business friendly frameworks have largely helped groups like KHIL to invest further and adopt expansion strategies. 4.3 Economical environment The India economy hardly suffered from the international financial crisis. This is because the Indian system rests on a controlled and sound financial system in the country. The economic environment includes GDP, interest rates, inflation and exchange rates, economic growth, taxation amongst others and it determines disposable income. While larger number of tourists will flock to India for its beauty, history and heritage, Mumbai the financial capital will keep bringing in business people from around the world therefore offering an incessant flow of customers to hotels like the KHIL group to prosper. 4.4 Social environment Changes in social trends also have an impact on the demand for a firms products and offer. Organizations have to respond by constantly adopting their products to new customer trends and demand. This is what KHIL has constantly been doing especially with its unique feedback system. Feedback from customers has also explains why KHIL has more single room than double rooms. 4.5 Technological environment Indian is one of the most advanced technological nations of the world and businesses are well aware of progress in the field of technology and its enduring impact on processes and the reduction of costs. KHIL has not taken technology on board though most major customized products are valuable. 4.6 Environmental factors The growing desire to protect the environment is having a great impact on many industries such as travel industries. Environment protection creates business opportunities and KHIL is well ahead of competitors in this field. To respect local legislation, all hotels of the group are built after an environmental impact assessment and this creates harmony with the community. 5.0 Swot analysis Swot analysis is the most important tool for audit and analysis of the overall strategic position of business and its environment. Basically it is the foundation for evaluating the strength, weakness, probable/likely opportunity and threats from the external environment. It also views the positive as well as negative factors inside and outside of the organization which affect its success. So these are the four factors applying to the property to know about the property in details the strength, weakness, opportunities as well as the threats of the KHIL hotels. 5.1 Strengths Strength is the qualities which helps an organization to achieve its goals. Generally strength are beneficial aspects of the organization which includes human competence, process capabilities, financial resources, product and service, customer goodwill and brand loyalty. Strength of KHIL Competitively priced for value they offer Situated near the international airport and few kilometers away from the domestic airport Is a very convenient alternative for layover guests are those whose flights have been cancelled or delayed Has preferred partner status with airlines Affordable luxury venue for SMEs for their Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions Highly perceived as a environmental friendly hotel Recognized name for fine cuisine and value for money accommodation Loyal, honest and per formant employees Appeals to local middle class families looking for a night out 5.2 Weakness Weakness is a limitation, or the defect in an organization that will keep it away from achieving its goals. The weakness are of different kind like huge debt, high employee turnover, complex decision making process, narrow product range and large wastage of raw materials. Weakness oh KHIL Situated off the road it may see significant impact on FIT guests (free individual traveler) Fails to handle larger crowds and sister hotel Orchid is no substitute Business centre is to small and no WI-FI zone yet Trailing on technology on its processes and still using Whitney rack system Swimming pool located next to the restaurant plays against privacy 5.3 Opportunities An opportunity is a kind of favorable situation in a firm environment. It is usually a trend or an overlooked need that increase demand for a product or service and allows the organization to enhance its position. Opportunities for KHIL Upcoming cricket world cup jointly organized in India, Bangla Desh, Sri lanka will attract guests Event can be used to showcase of value offered to enhance reputation Bus service or the special cabs for the fans to the stadium in and around the world cup venues Targeting opening in new or developing business hubs like Bangalore 5.4 Threats It is an unfavorable situation which may occur in an organization environment and which may harm the business or its strategy. They are uncontrollable when the threat comes, the stability and survival can be stake. Threats for KHIL Security especially in the wake of terrorist attacks Competitor response from Kohinoor, Continental and Mirador 6.0 Conclusion As each and every organization has strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats the kamat hotel also have these factors but they can find out by doing the swot analysis to the organization to its internal and external factor so that one can obtain it and can control the system in a practical way. It can work according to its objectives by allowing an easy way to attain its profit growth. 7.0 Proposal The KHIL hotels should plan and perform their work to achieve their goals and the information and explanation that are considered are necessary to work on them that they need to improve a lot like increasing the rooms in the hotel because of its they are facing the problems when there is an event in India most of the foreigners visit to India because of lack of rooms its losing its business so if it works on it then it will achieve a great success. These are needed to upgrade to an improved integrated management system as it would help reduce the amount of paper work. It would also reduce the work of night auditor and reception staff as they would not have to verify every bill every time guests checkout.

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Brass in Ammonia

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Brass in Ammonia Six samples of brass were taken, stamped to induce residual stress, were then exposed ammonia and ammoniacal copper sulphate solutions of different concentrations and composition for a period of 4 days to study the corrosion characteristics of brass in ammonia. Five samples were immersed in the solution and one of the samples was suspended above solution. On visual examination of the samples revealed some corrosion products with stress corrosion cracking on the surface of brass. Microscopy analysis showed that the non-suspended sample which was exposed to ammonia vapour in presence of moisture and oxygen produced high susceptibility to SCC than immersion samples in aqueous ammonia. The cupric ion present in the solution appears as an oxidant that provides a cathodic reaction and induces stress corrosion cracking of brass in ammonia and ammoniacal solutions. INTRODUCTION: There are three factors under which stress corrosion cracking is possible a) corrosive medium/environment b) material and c) tensile stress. The corrosive medium to induce stress corrosion cracking depends on the potential, pH and temperature. The stress can be applied stress or residual stress. Stress corrosion cracking can occur in lower stress also hence it is the environment which plays a major role. Many studies carried out revealed that failures of brass occur mainly in moist conditions where ammonia, water and oxygen are present. Time of cracking depends on the pH of the solution. Dezincification of copper alloy is possible when the zinc content present is sufficient enough. The aim of this experimental work was to investigate the corrosion behaviour of brass in ammonia. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Six brass samples and five test solutions were used in the experiment to study the stress-corrosion cracking of brass. The brass samples were labelled A, B, C, D, E, and F following the residual stress given to them by stamping these letters into their surfaces using drill bits. The stamp was done at one end of the samples while the unstressed part served as the control for the experiment. The solutions serving as the test environments were also labelled using the letters 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F and their compositions are shown below. Compositions and colours of test solution observed before immersion Solution Label Composition Colour observed before sample immersion A Ammonium Sulphate with copper (II): 0.5M (NH4)SO4 + 0.05M CuSO4 Pale blue B Ammonia solution with copper (II): 2.5M NH4OH + 0.05M CuSO4 Dark blue C Mattsons solution at pH of 7.2 Medium blue D Modified Mattsons solution containing 5% by volume of 0.1M NaCl Medium blue E 1M Ammonia solution Colourless The labelled samples were placed in the glass jar provided and five of the test samples were filled with enough test solution (10mm) to ensure complete immersion of the sample. Excessive alteration of the concentration of the NH3 solution was avoided by covering the top of the containers. The sixth sample was suspended above solution E (1M NH3 solution) in a glass jar (4F) by means of a surgical nylon string. After sufficient exposure of the samples to the solutions for a period of four days, the samples were removed. The samples were visually examined first upon removal from the test solutions. The colours of the test solutions and corrosion products were recorded before the test samples were cleaned. The test samples were cleaned and rinsed in the pickling solution of 1M sulphuric acid solution in order to remove corrosion products formed on the surface of brass followed by rinsing with deionised water. Finally the samples were dried with tissues before being examined under an optical microscope for stress-corrosion cracking. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Sample observation after exposure of 4 days to test solutions: Test Label Test Observation from visual examination and optical microscopy Reason 1 Brass sample immersed in solution A Solution remained pale blue. No cracks were seen.corrrosion products found. Localized Corrosion damage at the stressed area observed back of the sample Stress-corrosion cracking may occur with further exposure to the solution. 2 Brass sample immersed in solution B for 4 days Solution was darker compared to the original solution. Brass sample in tarnish condition (dark brown colouration). Crack at the stressed end. Stress-corrosion cracking of the sample. 3 Brass sample immersed in solution C No significant change in solution colour. No cracks were seen.corrrosion products found. Sample shows low possibilities to SCC 4 Brass sample immersed in solution D Dark brown corrosion products. Localized corrosion damage at the stressed end. No cracks seen. Stress-corrosion cracking may occur with further exposure to the solution. 5 Brass sample immersed in solution E Solution changed from colourless to light pale blue. Cracks seen. Colour change is likely due to formation of cupric ion, Cu2+. Stress-corrosion cracking at the stressed end. 6 Brass sample suspended above solution E Solution remained colourless. Tarnish film covering almost the entire surface. Cracks seen at stressed region Stress-corrosion cracking of the sample at the stressed end. Tarnish film likely to be cuprous oxide, Cu2O. Sample A:- A-1 A-2 Fig 1: Sample A immersed for 4 days in solution Ammonium Sulphate with copper (II): 0.5M (NH4)SO4 + 0.05M CuSO4 OBSERVATION: No stress corrosion cracking observed at the stressed end of the sample Fig A-1.some corrosion product was noticed on the back side of the sample Fig A-2. Sample B:- B-1 B-2 Fig 2: Sample B immersed for 4 days in solution Ammonia solution with copper (II): 2.5M NH4OH + 0.05M CuSO4 OBSERVATION: Stress corrosion cracking observed at the stress end and near the unstressed region just near to the stressed end Fig B-1.Dark corrosion product observed on the backside of the sample Fig B-2. Nature of cracks: Intergranular Sample C:- C-1 C-2 Fig 3: Sample C immersed for 4 days in Mattsons solution at pH of 7.2 OBSERVATION: No cracking or any other significant changes observed in this sample after even 4 days of exposure. Only dark corrosion products were observed on the sample. Sample D:- D-1 Fig 4: Sample D immersed for 4 days in Modified Mattsons solution containing 5% by volume of 0.1M NaCl OBSERVATION: No cracking or any other significant changes observed in this sample after even 4 days of exposure. Only dark corrosion products were observed on the sample. Sample E:- Fig: E-1 Fig: E-2 Fig 5: Sample D immersed for 4 days in 1M ammonia solution. OBSERVATION: Stress corrosion cracking observed at the stress end extending to the edges and Dark corrosion product observed on the backside of the sample Fig E-1 and E-2. Nature of cracks: Intergranular Sample F:- Fig: F-1 Fig: F-2 Fig 5: Sample D suspended above in 1M ammonia solution for 4 days. OBSERVATION: Stress corrosion cracking observed at the stress end extending to the edges and Dark corrosion product observed on the backside of the sample Fig F-1 and F-2. Nature of cracks: Intergranular. From Optical microscopy analysis it is evident that sample B (Fig 2 B1B2) immersed in a test solution containing Ammonia solution with copper (II):2.5M NH4OH + 0.05M CuSO4 , Sample E (Fig5-E1E2) suspended above the test solution of 1M Ammonia solution and Sample F (Fig6 F1F2) suspended above the test solution of 1M Ammonia solution had under gone stress corrosion cracking and shows that only in some particular environment SCC occurs. Apart from stress corrosion cracking dark tarnish corrosion product was observed which could possibly be oxide layer of copper. Rest of the three samples A (Fig1 A1 A2) immersed in a test solution containing Ammonium Sulphate with copper (II): 0.5M (NH4)SO4 + 0.05M CuSO4 , C (Fig 3 C1C2) immersed in a test solution of Mattssons solution at pH 7.2 and D (Fig 4 D) immersed in a test solution of Modified Mattsons solution containing 5% by Volume of 0.1M NaCl did not show any cracking but had tarnish corrosion product. These samples suffered localized corrosion at the stressed edges which can be seen in back side of the above 3 samples (Fig A2 C2). The electrochemical reactions of brass in ammonia environment are as follows: Copper free aqueous ammonia is oxygen reduction and primary oxidation reaction is oxidation of copper to form cuprous complex ions. Cu + 2NH3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Cu (NH3)2+ + e- The cuprous complex ions formed further reacts with oxygen forming cupric complex ions 2Cu (NH3)2+ + 1/2 O2 + H2O + 4NH3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2Cu (NH3)42+ + 2OHà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Cuprous complex ion cupric complex ion The formation of cupric complex ions leads to stress corrosion cracking of brass in ammonia solutions. The process does not proceeds indefinitely since the attack of cupric complex ion (oxide layer) occurs at critical copper ion content which leads to decrease in corrosion rate but the cracking continues with the copper ion concentration. It is also evident from the black dark coloured product formed (Tarnish colour) on the surface that the cracks are intergranular in nature.The pores on the surface of the corrosion product were the sites for localized attack, likely to survive at the grain boundaries. In general the stress corrosion cracking in ÃŽÂ ± brass has considered being intergranular. On absence of the black coloured corrosion product it is believed that the cracks to be transgranular nature of crack. CONCLUSION: It is evident from the discussion carried out above that brass is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in ammonia. Stress corrosion cracking was observed in the regions where residual stresses were generated leaving behind the rest of the areas which were not induced to stress. Formation of cupric complex ions leads to stress corrosion cracking of brass in ammonia solutions. The cracks formed on the brass surface can be further studied under SEM to provide detailed information on the nature of the crack formed. In order to overcome the above problem of stress corrosion cracking the following options can be opted Eliminating any one of the primary factor (Environment, material and stress) will mitigate stress corrosion cracking. Use of more cracking resistance alloys such as Cu-10Ni instead of Cu-Zn

Essay --

What is type I hypersensitivity? Type I hypersensitivity is also called immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity. The reaction may include skin, eyes, nasopharynx, bronchopulmonary tissues and gastrointestinal tract. Hypersensitivity may cause a variety of symptoms from minor health problems to death. The reaction usually takes 15 - 30 minutes from the time of exposure to the antigen, although sometimes it may have a delayed onset from 10 - 12 hours. (#1) Immediate hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE and the primary cellular factor is the mast cell or basophil. The reaction is intensified or modified by platelets, neutrophils and eosinophils. While the mechanism of this reaction is involved in favored production of IgE in response to certain antigens. Some people are more susceptible to type I hypersensitivity then others and the precise mechanism is not known. However, it has been shown that such individuals preferentially produce more of TH2 cells that secrete IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 which in turn favor IgE class switch. IgE has very high affinity for its receptor (FcÃŽ µ; CD23) on mast cells and basophils. (#1) A succeeding exposure to the same allergen can cause the cross links of the cell-bound IgE and activates the release of numerous pharmacologically active substances. Cross-linking of IgE Fc-receptor is imperative in mast cell activating; mast cell degranulation is followedby increased Ca2+ influx, which is a crucial process; ionophores which increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ also promote degranulation, while agents that deplete cytoplasmic Ca2+ suppress degranulation. Mast cells may be activated by other stimuli such as exercise, emotional stress, anaphylotoxins. These reactions, mediated by agents without IgE-allergen interacti... ...nclude T lymphocytes and monocytes or macrophages. Cytotoxic T cells cause direct damage while helper T cells secrete cytokines which activate cytotoxic T cells that recruit, activate monocytes and macrophages, which cause the bulk of the damage.(#1) The delayed hypersensitivity lacerations mainly contain monocytes and some T cells. Major lymphokines involved in delayed hypersensitivity reaction include monocyte chemotactic factor, interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, TNF alpha/beta, etc. (#1) Analytical tests in type IV hypersensitivity include delayed cutaneous reaction and patch test. In vitro tests for delayed hypersensitivity include mitogenic response, lympho-cytotoxicity and IL-2 production. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive agents are used in treatment. The diseases associated with type IV hypersensitivity are tuberculin test, poison ivy and granuloma.

Is A Doll’s House a suitable title for the play? Essay -- English Lite

Is A Doll’s House a suitable title for the play Is ‘A Doll’s House’ a suitable title for the play? Refer to act one, and the language of the characters. Ibsen’s use of language creates a suitable title ‘A Doll’s House’. This title represents and relates to the whole play. ‘A Doll’s House’ relates to power, it represents a doll being played with and owned. This doll is controlled; its every move is depicted. The title is significant to society and entrapment within the house. Ibsen represents Nora as a doll. Nora therefore reacts in the same way as a doll, trapped in a house. Helmer has power over Nora and treats her as a doll, his doll. A doll’s house can look good and perfectly innocent on the outside, but how about the inside? During this play we acknowledge the truth underneath the prettiness of ‘A Doll’s House’. The significance in the title is crucial to understanding the relationship between Nora and Torvald. Deception is seen right away with the macaroons. Their dialogue is not that of the one of an equal couple. Dominance is depicted in this scene and we find that there is almost a sense that Torvald owns Nora. Her significance was to bear children and be pretty. Nora accepts this and has thrived under this ‘Doll House’ under the protection of her husband. During act one; Ibsen creates a happy and normal atmosphere, within a traditional 19 century nuclear family. Ibsen’s use of language creates these different characters. For example, during the first act Nora appears to be money hungry. â€Å"One, two†¦oh thank you Torvald†. All Nora thinks about is money; she is very childish and manipulative. Like a doll she does not take into consideration the real aspects of life. A child plays joyfully w... ...eir roles within the family. Their distinctive language reflects their character traits; Helmer being head of the house and Nora being a mother and wife. Ibsen creates the significance of a ‘doll’s house’ to Nora’s and Helmer’s relationship. Although Helmer has power, Nora slightly does in a way. She saved her husband’s life by borrowing money. This shows bravery in Nora, as during the 19th century it was forbidden for a female to borrow or even work to earn money. This may be suggesting that she wants to break free from her ‘doll’s’ role, knowing she is destined for so much more. By reading and looking at act one I can say that ‘A Doll’s House’ is definitely a suitable title for the play. The title says it all; Nora is the doll, Torvald’s doll, everything in her little ‘doll’s house’ is perfect, but she has no idea what is going on in the world outside.

Winston Moseley

Outline Thesis Statement: Winston Moseley has had three major details that impacted his life, such as his back ground, his crimes, and his time in jail. I. Winston Moseley was a working man and had a family. a. Moseley owned a home in Richmond Hill, Queens, New York. b. He worked as a machine operator in New York. c. Moseley was raising two children with his wife in Queens. d. He was apprehended on March 18, 1964, while trying to steal television. e. He did not have any previous criminal record. II. Moseley was charge with three murder cases. a. The crime he is most known for is the Genovese murder on March 27, 1964. b.On the day of the arrest, for the murder of Catherine Genovese, Moseley confessed to the murder of two other women. c. He confessed to the murders of Barbara Kralik, Annie Johnson, and Catherine Genovese. d. Moseley was appointed the death sentence. e. On the other hand, Moseley’s mental condition was admitted into the case as new evidence and his sentence was r educed to life in prison. III. Once convicted, Moseley tried everything to acquire early parole. a. Winston Moseley had six appeals between the years of 1984-1995, only to be denied. b. The state parole board described Winston’s behavior as bizarre and self-serving in his meetings. . While in prison Moseley wrote many letters to newspapers and magazines in order to receive early parole. IV. For these reasons, is why Winston Moseley is where he is today. a. Moseley is a criminal and has spent 48 years and counting of his life in prison. b. He had the American dream—a house, wife, and kids. c. He threw his life away when he decided to become a murder. Image a woman with a loving husband, the couple enjoy raising two wonderful children together and are happily married. The husband has a solid job and seems to be a law-abiding citizen.However, on a ordinary spring day, her joyful home life comes to a complete standstill. Her husband, Winston Moseley is arrested on three co unts of murder. In addition to murder, Winston Moseley is suspected of being associated with several other recent crimes. Winston Moseley’s life can be characterized by three major settings: his family life, his crimes, and his imprisonment. Winston Moseley was known to everyone around him as a typical family man, and he owned a house in Queens, New York. Winston worked as a machine operator in New York, and he work very hard to support his family.He and his wife, were also busy raising their two children. He did not have any type of previous criminal record. However, Winston Mosley was arrested on March 18, 1964 for attempting to steal a television. He was 28 years old at the time of his first arrest. This shocking arrest was only the beginning of convictions made towards Moseley. (Gado â€Å"Investigation† 1) Moseley secret life of crime began suddenly began to unravel. Moseley was later charged with several rapes, burglaries, and three homicides (Philpin 3). The cri me for which he became most well-known was is the Genovese murder on March 27, 1964.On the day Mosley was arrested for the murder of Catherine Genovese, he also confessed to the murder of two other women. He had previously murdered Barbara Kralik and Annie Johnson, as well as Catherine Genovese (Philpin 3). Following his trial, Moseley was given the death sentence. Later, Moseley’s unstable mental condition was admitted into the case as evidence of his unpredictable behavior, and his sentence was reduced to life in prison. During his imprisonment, Moseley tried numerous times to acquire an early parole. He attempted to demonstrate every evidence of personal reform.He read books, wrote letters, and he made an effort to earn a college degree in Sociology. A rumor had even circulated that Moseley wrote a letter to the Genovese family asking for their forgiveness (Philpin 3). Winston Moseley had six appeals between the years of 1984 – 1995 while in the Attica prison, yet h e was denied each time. The State parole board conducted several evaluation meetings with Winston Moseley and described his behavior as odd and self-absorbed. Moseley wrote many letters to newspapers and magazines in his efforts to obtain sympathy and receive an early parole. His efforts were ineffective. Gado â€Å"Journey†) Winston Moseley remains in prison to this day. So far, he has spent 48 years of his life in prison. He was once a family man who lived the American dream. He had a lovely wife, healthy children, a house, and a good job. Yet, Moseley chose to throw away this pleasing life for a life of crime, including the worst crime of all – murder. Works Cited Gado, Mark. â€Å"Investigation. † n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2012. —. †The Journey of Winston Moseley. † n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2012. Philpin, John. â€Å"Who the Hell Is Winston Moseley? And Why Would Anyone Care? † 30 Dec. 2005. Web. 20 Feb. 2012.

Knowledge is Everlasting Essay Essay

One may ask, â€Å"What is knowledge?† I understand Knowledge to be the intellectual ability of being able to understand the events in the world based on principles learn from one’s experiences. Once Knowledge is truly gained, can it be lost? I believe that if one is truly knowledgeable about something it is rather impossible that such knowledge can merely vaporize into thin air. Many people claim that they have indeed â€Å"lost knowledge†but sadly all they lost was information they memorized. Conversely, knowledge involves the careful observation of events, reasoning as to how and why these observations occur, and also learning through experiencing. Furthermore, I have come to recognize the eternal quality of knowledge based on biological facts, and also during my own daily experiences. From a biological point of view, the permanency of knowledge has been proven to be true, through the realization of the brain’s vast characteristics such as memory cells. When an individual learns something for the first time, this information gets stored by memory cells in the brain. Then the next time the individual is encountered with a situation involving or requiring such knowledge, for its interpretation, the brain accesses the stored datafrom the memory cells. This data it had gained from prior experiences. For example, the scenario of the first time one peels an orange. Individuals were not created with the instructions of how to peel an orange imprinted in their DNA. Rather, it must be learned from experience. Therefore,the first step in peeling an orange is gathering information from a source about the necessary method of success.After which, one acquires the apparatus (the knife and orange) and sinks the blade into the peel slightly, so the blade goes just beneath the surface. Then gently glides the blade through the peel to reveal the white layer underneath. After removing all the peel, the orange is sliced into two halves revealing the pulp. Of course, on the first try one might make mistakes and not peel the orange so perfectly. However, upon each ot her trial of peeling an orange one’s technique become more  mastered.Soon,a point is reached where it is possible to peel an orange without thinking how to do it. Clearly, knowledge is always permanently stored in the brain’s memory cells for future use. Additionally, knowledge also becomes magnified each time it is applied and verified in different situations. Often time, true knowledge gets confused with its close relative, memorizing. The fact stands that memorizing and being knowledgeable about something are two completely different concepts. Speaking from my own experiences, studying for an exam is a typical example where memorizing and obtaining knowledge interact closely and may become intertwined. For instance, during the course of studying for an exam there are some definitions of theories that I merely memorized. The result was that I forgot them after the exam since all I did was replicate the definitions on the exam paper. Still, there were some cases in which I had gained knowledge of things I still remember. This was because, I read about the concepts in greater detail beyond their definition and actually understood the concepts and applied them to real life situations. The misperception of memorizations for knowledge is very common among people and so they tend to misinterpret the principle of knowledgeable, thereby failing to see the permanent nature of knowledge relative to the temporary and limited character of memorizing. I believe rather than dying, knowledge grows with experience and constantly metamorphosis into an even higher level of knowledge. It is intensely evident that knowledge is perpetual. Moreover, knowledge is limitless as it goes beyond mere memorizing of data and events, towards developing an understanding of the observations made during life’s experiences. My belief is reflected in the common rhyme I was taught in school, â€Å"silver and gold may vanish away, but a good education will never decay†. Thus, the lifetime of knowledge is so vast and unlimited that it is given higher value above even the most precious minerals on Earth, such as silver and gold.Wouldn’t you agree that the truly most valuable trea sure known to mankind is knowledge? Works Cited Quindel, Emilie. â€Å"our local history.† 02 December 2012. WordPress. 10 September 2013 .