Academic Success Strengthening in Scholar Writing

Question: Write an essay on Academic Success Strengthening in Scholar Writing? Answer: Author, year Type (study, literature review, article, web site) Topic Main Points Harold Kim and Jorge Mazza, 2011 It is a journal article includes the literature review and discussion of the subject matter. Asthma Clinical Immunology Asthma is a respiratory disease, which affects the respiratory system of people. The article is based on the exploration of the diagnosis system in Canada in order to improve and get control over such disease. One of the main focuses on such article is determining that inhaled corticosteroids are initially representing standard care for the asthma patients. The adults who cannot take the control over the ICS therapy mostly prefer to inhale the combination of ICS/Long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA). Allergen-specific immunotherapy is providing to the patients and this is one of the most significant modifying therapies, which includes the appropriate training for the physicians to protect from allergies. The control over asthma by regular monitoring, application of inhaling techniques, and other therapies are also essential for eliminating such disease. The article discusses the linking of the current literature and guidelines for facilitating the proper diagnosis and management of asthm a. Asthma is considered as the chronic inflammatory disease, which is associated with the hyper responsiveness of airways within lungs. The diagnosis process of asthma considers the medical experiments and the assessments of several objectives. The measurement of the lung functions indicates the reversible airway obstruction. The lung functions tests are normal and the symptoms indicates the disease of asthma. The study includes the ways of treating the asthma patients and signifies the way of getting control over such disease. Kimberly Nguyen, Justin Peng and Eilee Boulay, 2010 It is a journal article, which contains the aim, literature, objectives of the research study regarding the Asthma and Allergy Educators. Effect of Smoking on the Association Between Environmental Triggers and Asthma Severity Among Adults in New England One of the key aspects of this study is to identify the environmental triggers that are associated with the severe condition of asthma. The author has examined the linking between the use of the controller medication and socio-demographic characteristic. New England has been using the Behaviour Risk Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) Asthma Call Back Data. The journal discusses about the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines to make people aware of such respiratory disease and the ways to control over it. The study provides the idea about the ways of preventing such disease by applying the self management procedure. It was reported that the vast majority of adults get the disease of asthma. Cigarette smoking and ETS are considered as the contributors of the severe forms of asthma. The cross sectional studies are associated with the several limitations. One of the most prominent limitations is the lack of casual inference, which makes the study more difficult to analyse the involvement of the environmental factor. It has been seen that people are cooking in gas is associated with such disease more specifically. The lack of inference is thus much concentrating on the determined existence of treatment to control over such disease. Sveum R, Bergstrom J, Brottman G, Hanson, M, Heiman M, Johns K, Malkiewicz J, Manney S, Moyer L, Myers C, Myers, N, OBrien M, Rethwill M, Schaefer K, Uden D, 2012 This is a journal article includes the Evidence-based research discussion paper. Institute for Clinical System Improvement The article includes the ICSI Health Care Guidelines that involve the medical process developing segments. The guidelines adopted from ICSI Health Care are applied in the medical group and the electronic documents are provided accordingly. The study provides the idea of some of the Asthma Triggers and the clinical testing to ensure the prevention of such disease. The study contains the differential diagnostic possibilities for asthma by discussing the diversified obstruction related to the subject matter. The classifications of the severe forms of the asthma have been provided in this study. The medical guidelines in this study are suggesting several work groups as the key strategies for incorporating the support. Facilitating the timely and accurate diagnosis of this disease would be eliminating the severe forms. It is important to educate the health care practitioners while using the spirometry as the diagnostic tool. The patients and the practitioners need to know the importance of developing the partnerships by utilizing the ICSI collaborative Conversation. The shared decision making model is helpful in establishing and maintaining the action plan based on this disease by addressing the adherence. Wenping Zhang, Xianliang Chen, Lijun Ma, Jizhen Wu, Limin Zhao, Hongyan Kuang, Taibo Huang, Jianjian Cheng, Luoxian Zhang, Yong Qi, Beibei Sun and Hongyan Niu, 2014 This is a journal research paper associated with the proper methodological style Epidemiology of Bronchial asthma and asthma control assessment in Henan Province, China The study includes the prevalence of bronchial asthma. The study assessment also provides the treatment of asthma in accordance with the syndrome. In Henan Province, the asthma prevalence is comparatively low. However, it has been reported that the urbanised people get the prevalence of asthma more than the rural people. Asthma people usually get insufficient medication, which causes suboptimal asthma. It is to be notified that the Bronchial Asthma is a common disease that affects the respiratory system of the mankind. In this journal article the cross-sectional study has been conducted randomly. The questionnaire distribution provides the idea of the ratio of the affected people and the severity of such disease. The cross-sectional observational study provides the idea of the prevalence rate of the asthma in Henan province. In the year of 2000, the prevalence rate of asthma disease in China was 1.05%. The study includes the recognizable relationship between the socioeconomic status and asthma prevalence. The generalized idea obtained from this study is indicating that both the patients and the practitioners need to be much educated regarding such disease. The importance of receiving much education would simplify the treatment and control over the disease more significantly. U.S. Department of Health Human Services 2014 This is a website blog https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled Asthma is a long term disease that is not curable by the help of any treatment. Asthma can only be treated with the objective to keep it in control with the help of certain medicines so that patient could breathe in a better way. The treatment of asthma is associated with the prevention of chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath. Once these symptoms are treated with prior importance then only asthma will remain in control. There are several things that should be maintain to keep control on asthma such as less need of quick relief medicines. It is also important to maintain a good lung function. Normal activity of a person is also important because it reduces the stress level of the patients. American College of Allergy, Asthma Immunology 2014 This is a website article https://acaai.org/ Asthma Treatment. Often the best way to control asthma symptoms is to avoid whatever causes them There are many reasons that trigger asthma such as pollen, dust mites, cockroaches, molds, animal dander, smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes and strong odors. Allergenic materials are one of the main reasons that increase asthma. Proper medication is very necessary for the patients. Regular use of medication will help patients to remain in good conditions. Only medicine cannot control asthma lifestyle is also necessary. Steroids are the medicine for asthma treatment that should be used with proper guidance from the doctor. Exercise also helps to control asthma. Asthma guidelines are given in the website therefore all the information that is important for the patient is available. There is no exact cause of asthma but exposure to allergen for long time will trigger the risk of asthma. Other symptoms are caught, breathing problem, chest tightness, shortness of breath and wheezing. Website: Authority Yes/No Details Is there an author? No Is the author qualified on the subject? No Is there a sponsor? Yes National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Is the sponsor reputable? Yes National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute run by government of USA that has good reputation throughout the world. Is there contact information for the author and/or sponsor? Yes Anyone can contact them through their website where all the contact information are given such as e-mail id, phone number and postal address. Accuracy Is the purpose of the site clear? What is the purpose of the site? Yes The purpose of the site is to provide proper information to the victims of asthma for better guidance. Is the site free from error? Yes There is no error in the website What is the domain of the site? Is it a university, government, professional association, commercial host, advocacy group, or publisher? Yes https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ It is a government website with no profit motive Objectivity Is there advertising material? No Is there a bias to the information? No Since there is no profit motive therefore the biasness is also less Currency When was the page last updated? Yes August 4 2014 Are there any broken links? No Coverage Is the information adequately covered compared to other websites? Yes Yes the website is completely informative and provide lot of information to the public Do the links complement the information? Yes Is there a balance between text and images? No Images are less and text are more therefore it is difficult to understand without knowledge in the subject Is the information presented cited correctly? Yes No in text is used in the website Website: Authority Yes/No Details Is there an author? No Is the author qualified on the subject? No Is there a sponsor? Yes American College of Allergy, Asthma Immunology Is the sponsor reputable? Yes American College of Allergy, Asthma Immunology is well known in health sector Is there contact information for the author and/or sponsor? Yes 85 West Algonquin Road Suite 550 Arlington Heights, IL 60005 Phone: (847) 427-1200 Fax: (847) 427-1294 e-mail: mail@acaai.org Accuracy Is the purpose of the site clear? What is the purpose of the site? Yes The purpose of the site is to provide proper information to the victims of asthma for better guidance. Is the site free from error? Yes There is no error in the website What is the domain of the site? Is it a university, government, professional association, commercial host, advocacy group, or publisher? Yes https://acaai.org/ It is a University website with no motive of doing profit Objectivity Is there advertising material? No Is there a bias to the information? No Since there is no motive of making profit therefore the biasness is also less Currency When the page was last updated? Yes 2014 Are there any broken links? No Coverage Is the information adequately covered compared to other websites? Yes Yes the website is completely informative and provide lot of information to the public Do the links complement the information? Yes Is there a balance between text and images? No Images are given in proper ratio Is the information presented cited correctly? Yes No in text is used in the website Website: Authority Yes/No Details Is there an author? No Is the author qualified on the subject? No Is there a sponsor? Yes National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Is the sponsor reputable? Yes National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute run by government of USA that has good reputation throughout the world. Is there contact information for the author and/or sponsor? Yes Anyone can contact them through their website where all the contact information are given such as e-mail id, phone number and postal address. Accuracy Is the purpose of the site clear? What is the purpose of the site? Yes The purpose of the site is to provide proper information to the victims of asthma for better guidance. Is the site free from error? Yes There is no error in the website What is the domain of the site? Is it a university, government, professional association, commercial host, advocacy group, or publisher? Yes https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ It is a government website with no profit motive Objectivity Is there advertising material? No Is there a bias to the information? No Since there is no profit motive therefore the biasness is also less Currency When was the page last updated? Yes August 4 2014 Are there any broken links? No Coverage Is the information adequately covered compared to other websites? Yes Yes the website is completely informative and provide lot of information to the public Do the links complement the information? Yes Is there a balance between text and images? No Images are less and text are more therefore it is difficult to understand without knowledge in the subject Is the information presented cited correctly? Yes No in text is used in the website Website: Authority Yes/No Details Is there an author? No Is the author qualified on the subject? No Is there a sponsor? Yes American College of Allergy, Asthma Immunology Is the sponsor reputable? Yes American College of Allergy, Asthma Immunology is well known in health sector Is there contact information for the author and/or sponsor? Yes 85 West Algonquin Road Suite 550 Arlington Heights, IL 60005 Phone: (847) 427-1200 Fax: (847) 427-1294 e-mail: mail@acaai.org Accuracy Is the purpose of the site clear? What is the purpose of the site? Yes The purpose of the site is to provide proper information to the victims of asthma for better guidance. Is the site free from error? Yes There is no error in the website What is the domain of the site? Is it a university, government, professional association, commercial host, advocacy group, or publisher? Yes https://acaai.org/ It is a University website with no motive of doing profit Objectivity Is there advertising material? No Is there a bias to the information? No Since there is no motive of making profit therefore the biasness is also less Currency When the page was last updated? Yes 2014 Are there any broken links? No Coverage Is the information adequately covered compared to other websites? Yes Yes the website is completely informative and provide lot of information to the public Do the links complement the information? Yes Is there a balance between text and images? No Images are given in proper ratio Is the information presented cited correctly? Yes No in text is used in the website Website: Authority Yes/No Details Is there an author? No Is the author qualified on the subject? No Is there a sponsor? Yes National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Is the sponsor reputable? Yes National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute run by government of USA that has good reputation throughout the world. Is there contact information for the author and/or sponsor? Yes Anyone can contact them through their website where all the contact information are given such as e-mail id, phone number and postal address. Accuracy Is the purpose of the site clear? What is the purpose of the site? Yes The purpose of the site is to provide proper information to the victims of asthma for better guidance. Is the site free from error? Yes There is no error in the website What is the domain of the site? Is it a university, government, professional association, commercial host, advocacy group, or publisher? Yes https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ It is a government website with no profit motive Objectivity Is there advertising material? No Is there a bias to the information? No Since there is no profit motive therefore the biasness is also less Currency When was the page last updated? Yes August 4 2014 Are there any broken links? No Coverage Is the information adequately covered compared to other websites? Yes Yes the website is completely informative and provide lot of information to the public Do the links complement the information? Yes Is there a balance between text and images? No Images are less and text are more therefore it is difficult to understand without knowledge in the subject Is the information presented cited correctly? Yes No in text is used in the website Website: Authority Yes/No Details Is there an author? No Is the author qualified on the subject? No Is there a sponsor? Yes American College of Allergy, Asthma Immunology Is the sponsor reputable? Yes American College of Allergy, Asthma Immunology is well known in health sector Is there contact information for the author and/or sponsor? Yes 85 West Algonquin Road Suite 550 Arlington Heights, IL 60005 Phone: (847) 427-1200 Fax: (847) 427-1294 e-mail: mail@acaai.org Accuracy Is the purpose of the site clear? What is the purpose of the site? Yes The purpose of the site is to provide proper information to the victims of asthma for better guidance. Is the site free from error? Yes There is no error in the website What is the domain of the site? Is it a university, government, professional association, commercial host, advocacy group, or publisher? Yes https://acaai.org/ It is a University website with no motive of doing profit Objectivity Is there advertising material? No Is there a bias to the information? No Since there is no motive of making profit therefore the biasness is also less Currency When the page was last updated? Yes 2014 Are there any broken links? No Coverage Is the information adequately covered compared to other websites? Yes Yes the website is completely informative and provide lot of information to the public Do the links complement the information? Yes Is there a balance between text and images? No Images are given in proper ratio Is the information presented cited correctly? Yes No in text is used in the website

Need to Know About the CUNT Essay Sample

Need to Know About the CUNT Essay SampleA CUNT is required to complete an admission essay sample, as it could be required for prospective colleges or universities. The CUNT is a required writing sample or essay and is a document containing the description of the objective of the college or university. Every college or university requires this type of documents to be given to prospective students in order to determine their basic interest or interests.The CUNT can also be given by visiting the campus where the college or university is located. The college or university will need to have a copy of the essay in hand before the student can read and decide on whether or not they are interested in enrolling into that particular college or university. The CUNT is very important because it contains the basic information about the school. The primary goal of a college or university is to provide and nurture the best student with the best knowledge, skill, attitude, and academic capability.The re are a number of possible ways that a prospective student could choose to write their CUNT. A student could also choose to write their own CUNT, but they would be required to prepare a short draft for it. This is important because students must understand that all students will be provided with a copy of the CUNT, so it is important to know how they should present themselves and their profile for them to make an accurate decision. Some may choose to use a 'writing' style CUNT, where they would have to describe their background, their personality, their skills, talents, passions, and history, in brief.The CUNT should be as detailed as possible so that a student can make a good impression of themselves on their CUNT. There are several writing styles that can be used. It is important to make sure that they are all used to avoid inconsistency in the writing. If the reader is able to identify a major difference between the student's personality and their essays, they are likely to have trouble reading it and understand the entire essay.In addition to the CUNT, there are other writing samples that can be used to help make a student's decision on whether or not they should attend the college or university. The writing samples are created by asking students what they are hoping to accomplish and in turn the writers create a short draft, or outline for each student. The outline is based on each student's objective and the role they plan to play within the college or university. There are also examples of common topics that the students ask for advice on.The writing samples provided by the college or university must be made up according to the purpose of the essay. The college or university is searching for individuals who are intellectually curious and creative in order to give their students a unique education and experience. They also want to ensure that the students are able to handle academic and extracurricular responsibilities and cope with life in a community. The writing samples can include every facet of the college or university. There are things that may not apply to all students.A CUNT is used as an admissions essay sample, it is meant to be used and remembered, and can be used to make a good impression on the potential student that applies. Colleges and universities look for individuality and creativity in students when they accept them into their program. They want to provide students with an educational experience that is both academically challenging and spiritually fulfilling. It is important to remember that a CUNT is not required for every college or university, however it is the most effective tool that could be used by a prospective student to make a final decision.

Alpha And Omega Of Active Compasion Essays -

Alpha And Omega Of Active Compasion Alpha and Omega of Active Compassion Have you ever walked down a crowded city street and looked down to see a homeless man stretching out his soiled hand in hopes of a measly dollar? As human beings, are we obligated to give this man our earning? And just how much do we give him? A dollar? Our VISA card? We have a general responsibility, as residents of civilization, to our fellow man, as long as it doesn't interfere with our own personal progress. The ideals of welfare, charity, and the generous foreign policies are all prime examples of our aid to others, but the world is still uncertain on, ?how much do we give. The idea of welfare was founded in the United States around the time of the great depression. It was meant to temporarily help the financially less fortunate. This was intended to get the ball rolling for the economy. The government would play ?Robin Hood? by taking from those who had money, and giving it to help those who didn't. In time, they would put their feet back on the ground and would no longer need the relief of their government. This was a very kind and productive way to help our fellow man in his time of need. Unfortunately somewhere along the line the idea of helping the broke modified, and we were simply giving them money when they had no intention on recovering from the debts of poverty. And so we continued to show everyone else how to get money for free. This is an excellent example on how we exceeded our obligation to others. Instead of a few dollars of generosity to uphold others, we give up to half of our earnings to support those who choose not to help themselves. By doing this, we have slowed our individual progress in society. Charity is another form of helping the less fortunate persons on earth. That, unlike welfare, is to be executed at our own discretion. There is no forcing hand in charity, although sometimes we still do not know were to our responsibly begins and ends. Some individuals feel they have no responsibility toward others, and some feel they have no boundaries to their giving. How much should we give? Is it sufficient to toss a quarter or two into a cup of a broken man on the boardwalks of Atlantic City? Or should we take the man under our wings, feed, clothe and house him? The idea seems silly, but it helps us draw the line to where our responsibility to our fellow man begins and ends. The loss of pocket change wound not interfere with our lives, but the taking in of a strange man would certainly slow the progress of our success. That is where we stop giving. The stunning of development of one potentially fortuitous human being isn't worth the slight elevation of an already broken man. Tha t would simply slow the growth of civilization. The foreign policies of the United States, in particular, are more than generous. Week after week, taxes are taken out of paycheck by the government. This money in turn does not always flow back to our masses, but the masses of other nations. It is understood that the poverty levels of the less flourishing countries are extreme. We know they are starving, freezing, and dying. So our government sends the taxes collected to those countries in need. That would be acceptable if we ourselves didn't have citizens starving, freezing, and dying. That is just one more example of how we have anchored our progress as a nation to help others, when we ourselves need the food, cloths and homes. We all have a responsibility to our fellow man. Otherwise, civilization would not exist. But we must all know we cannot help others until we achieve perfection within ourselves. We cannot give more than we can afford to give. We cannot stop our progression to aid others, so that, in turn, we are so disadvantaged that we need help ourselves. Compassion is the key to humanity, but survival is still the key to life. Bibliography none.

Feminism and Criminology Research Paper Example

Feminism and Criminology Research Paper Example Feminism and Criminology Paper Feminism and Criminology Paper Feminism is a collection of different theoretical perspectives such as liberal, Marxist, social and radical feminism which all explain the oppression of women in different ways. Feminism re-emerged in the late 1960s and feminist criminology was a result of old, established chauvinism in the academic discipline where women were viewed as degraded minor figures. Gender should be treated as an essential part of criminology but instead its a specialist topic of study. In this essay I will attempt to discuss different branches of criminology such as, biological, social, psychological, liberal and radical feminism. Analyse them from a critics point of view and answer the fundamental question if feminism is important to the study of criminology and what kind of impact it has had over the past few decades. My essay will carefully examine and evaluate the way in which female offenders were presented and understood in criminological theory and the rise of feminist criminology. Lombroso and Ferrero were two of the first criminologists to look at female criminals and crime. Their research was mainly biological based on assessment of skulls and facial appearances. Lombroso argued that females commit less crime because they are less highly developed than males, and the female criminal was unnatural, masculine and not a normal woman. Lombroso and Ferrero, (1885) said, natural passivity of women deprived them of the initiative to break the law. Although he was discredited, the lack of crimes committed by females meant that his work continued to exert influence long afterwards. Thomas (1907) held similar views to those of Lombroso, he also argued that women are emotional and require the need to give and receive hence prostitution. : This study also marked the beginning of criminologists looking at what impact feminism can have in the study of criminology. After looking at some early views of female criminology one can argue that it assumes female crime is a direct result of their biology, not free will. Biological theories and advanced medical science can only help us improve our knowledge in understanding criminal behaviour but they do not provide enough sufficient or adequate evidence that can explain the causation of crime entirely. Early feminist critics disregard such biological theories arguing that the work of Lombroso lacks methodological sufficiency. Female offenders remain invisible in classical criminology as well as in subcultural or control theories in contrast with early biological theories. Labelling theory or British subcultural theory which looks at white working class males did not have much to say about female crime. Late 1960s saw the second wave of feminism and the work of Messerschmitt who had a big impact on social feminism. He proposed two key ideas, the first one was to understand criminality, and secondly capitalism and to grasp criminality by patriarchy which is a social system in which the father is the head of the family and men have authority over women and children. A sex based theory by Otto Pollak was developed and he argued that women were more deceitful then men, and as a result they were experts at hiding crime. He proved his theory by talking about their ability to fake orgasms. Otto also argued that statistics on womens crime from the 1950s were not accurate because of the fact that the criminal justice system was dominated by men and the fact that courts are more lenient on women. While more women work with the criminal justice system at present, yet the system is still dominated by men and law is still more lenient towards women. Critics argue on the other hand that the statistics tell us that women mostly commit low level, non violent offences such as shop lifting and are usually not a risk to public safety which could be a factor in lenient sentences. Women are considered to be more law abiding and very little research has been conducted into female crime. It can be argued that more researching into female crime can provide us with more insight into the nature of criminal behaviour. Edwards also argues that most criminologist spend a lot of time studying men. Feminism has been neglected from mainstream criminology which skewed criminologists from looking at gender, and crime has become something that is committed by men not women. Of the population born in 1954, 34% of men but only 8% of women had a conviction for a serious offence by the age of 40. This shows more men committed serious crime but also shows that crime is also committed by women and that all criminologists should consider gender. Carol Smart, a feminist critique was one of the very first criminologists of modern criminology to study women and crime. She wrote a book Women Crime and Criminology that perhaps had the greatest influence and impact on the debate of feminism. In her book she raised some fundamental issues and argued that official crime statistics data and other such datas are based on conceptual problematic bases. If criminology and the sociology of deviance are truly to play a significant role in the development of our understanding of crime, smart concludes, then they must become more than the study of men and crime . She went on to say that early criminologist such as lombroso and ferrero had harmful effect on understanding female crime. In her book smart talks about the character and nature of female offending and analyses classical and modern braches of criminology. She also implied that women remain invisible in criminology to a large scale. Tim Newburn elaborates further suggesting that its not only the invisibility but victimization of women is also ignored. Feminist Victimisation is strand of criminology in its own right as well. Smarts study was later followed by many criminologists such as Leonard, heidenson, naffine, and morrison. All of these criminologists criticised traditional criminologist for failing to recognise women in criminal terms. These are also amongst the first few feminist who looked at the neglect of women in the studies of crime and sexual stereotype of women. Criminology is nothing more than specialised theories of male delinquency and crime (White, R. D. 2000). Psychological theories of women criminality are linked to the works of Freud (1927). He was known as the father of psychoanalysis and his work was highly influential. He also argued that women are inferior to men and he believed that defecting qualities in females were a result of masculinity complex. Freud uses the Greek mythological character Oedipal to uncover his theory that females fail to overcome the Oedipal complex where a sex is attracted to opposite the sex parent thus making them morally inferior, week and unable to control there impulses. This kind of theory is open to criticism and is not considered valid in the study of female criminality because inferiority in females is not due to Oedipal conflict, but simply because of the unnatural relationship of male dominance that exists between the sexes. (White, R. D. 2000) Socio economic theorists reject the masculinisation as cause of crime. Socio economic theorists have also looked at criminology and believe that illegitimate expression of the role of expectation is the cause of crime. Females with this theory are seen to engage in criminal activity, when the legitimate roads to achieve social goals are closed and illegitimate left open. Studies within this theory suggest women are likely to engage in crime when economically disadvantaged, concluding that female criminal behaviour is linked to their socialisation or opportunity Post modern feminism has little or even no impact on feminism nevertheless feminism and post modernism had criticised criminology in many ways. This approach argues that women are viewed as inferior, emotive and biologically determined. They believe that women are rational offenders and that women commit crime for rational reasons whereas it is men who can be irrational and are involved in criminal behaviour. This branch of feminism looks at women and crime from outside mainstream criminology thinking. This shows that mainstream criminology is dominated by men and is about men studying men. During late 1960s the womens liberation movement also played a vital role in introducing greater social, economical and political equality. Liberal Feminism is fundamental to the study of criminology because it demands equality. Liberal Feminism focuses its attention on liberation of women and stresses on change towards the expected role of the women in society. Liberal Feminists argue that women are discriminated in the field of research and crime and that all research must take into account women in the model. Liberal critiques such as Walklate scrutinise work of otto pollak arguing his study of women and crime was discriminating and was biased towards chivalry which made the study under documented of female criminality. Liberal feminists in conclusion argue that it is essential that criminologists not only look at biology and psychology of female but also carefully consider fundamental factors such as family and personal issues that could play a role in female offending. Radical Feminism came into being around 1970s. This kind of approach focuses on patriarchy and hierarchy. (Hartman 1981) Where Liberal Feminism is about female oppression over men, Radical Feminism is about male supremacy that oppresses women. Radical feminism is about victim studies however this study places great emphasis on the term survivor rather then victim. Since 1990s there has been quite a lot of focus on violent towards women by men. This focus of attention started a major debate in the field of feminist politics including many countries where female liberation appeared with strong points. Radical feminism also looks at other areas such as pornography and child abuse. However, Radical feminism is also open to criticism and is often criticised by the criminologists such as Burke (2001) arguing that its biological determinism. Liberal feminism and radical feminism contrast sharply in certain of their fundamental views. Liberal feminist thinking is a more reasoned, intellectual perspective than the radical feminist position, which has both emotional and political centering in its logical expressions. Black feminism grew after black and liberal womens movement. It was formed in an attempt to meet the needs of black women who felt they were being racially oppressed in black womens movement and sexually oppressed in black liberation movement black feminism and post modern feminism provide both critiques of feminist accounts and also their own perspectives that recognise the different experiences of women and of their subordination (Burke, R. H. 001:161). Another leading criminologist Gelsthorpe (1990) argued that sentencing and punishment is influenced by sexism and that women are discriminated against in areas such as crime. Gelsthorpe concluded that traditional explanations of crime and criminal behaviour are disfigured because of the focus on criminality of males and the invisibility and marginalisation of women and girls (Gelsthorpe and Morris). Women have been left out of scientific and criminological research and this resulted in distorted science. Some criminologists believe that feminism is the greatest and most decisive resolution of modernity (heller and feher 1988). Feminism is sometimes seen either as multiple or singular as though we have to make a choice along ideological as well as philosophical lines. Feminism, I shall argue, is both multiple and singular, since liberal, socialist and radical feminisms are distinctive feminisms that can and should be assessed according to the extent to which they contribute positively to the development of a post-patriarchal society. It is important to distinguish here between the way in which particular theorists regard their endeavours, and the practical implications of the positions taken. Feminism not only has a large impact but also plays a vital role in criminology as it examines how the traditional crime and criminal behaviour is not appropriate in understanding female crime and there is need for new perspectives. Although feminist criminology is not mainstream criminology, it has been quite successful in establishing its critique. This essay shows that study of women and crime is a small branch in criminology. It shows how women are not included in mainstream criminology or so called male-stream criminology. Not only is it vital that more research is conducted with women but it is also essential that such research should be situated in broader moral, political, economic and sexual spheres which influences womens position in society. The essay also attempts to show the sexism in early criminology as well as present day, fails to give explanations of female offending. Women and men go through different levels of experience throughout the life span as well as within criminal justice system and this should be a major factor when approaching the study of criminology. There is no one relationship, but a myriad of relationships between feminism and criminology. (lorrain gelsthorpe). Essay also points out how traditional criminology does very little justice and fails to explain the different ways women can be treated in criminal justice system. It is hard to deny that feminist scholarship had anything other then important impact in recent years. This impact resulted in women no longer being ignored in any major research and criminology is no longer gender blind. Some critics may still argue that all theories are still based around men. Carlen and Worrall (1987) pointed out some crucial points that feminism has had on criminology. Firstly it has called into question previous theories of law breaking, it has suggested new lines of research and finally provoked new uses for old concepts. Feminism therefore has had an impact on our understanding of women offending, their victimization, and their treatment by the criminal justice system. Although feminism has had a large impact and many studies and research method have changed but criminology is still male dominated and male oriented. I will also suggest that There is a need for something called futurist criminology, which is similar, but not quite the same as newsmaking criminology. It is a fact that old myths are frequently replaced by new myths. But it is also a fact that sophisticated criminals will use criminological theory as excuses for misbehavior. Rather than being behind them as a think tank for development of their motivational systems, it is preferable to be one step ahead, and incorporate criminological vision into our theories.

Levis Stadium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Levis Stadium - Essay Example The essay "Levis Stadium" talks about the Levis Stadium which serves as among the world’s best outdoor entertainment and sports venue. The Arena is a football stadium in the suburb of San Jose, San Francisco Bay area in Santa Clara, California. It is also a home to San Francisco 49ers. This stadium consists of hundreds of solar panels from three of the solar bridges connecting to the main parking area of the stadium. Therefore, the stadium is unique in the sense that it is a multi-purpose venue with fan experience and having a green technology as the prime priority. Tickets in the stadium sell massively, in the presale ticket requests stage. The monumental sellout of the tickets causes the price of the secondary market to record high, thereby most fans who fail to get tickets at the first sellout, the battle at exorbitant prices set by the brokers. The stadium has made strategic changes to ensure that ticket sell is fair enough to each fan. The current trend that the stadium uses to sell out its tickets is by online means. The online mail order design gives fans an equal opportunity to purchase tickets during sales. Efficiently, the design allows four-ticket limit for each ticket purchaser, as only one request made per person. Hence, the stadium has put a mechanism to combat the elusive ticket scalpers, having the fans as the key priority. Levis Stadium has magnificent and beautiful luxury suites and clubs seating. The stadium features some of the most innovative and world’s most modern facilities.

Recearch paper 2 Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Recearch paper 2 - Statistics Project Example According to the results and analysis of obtained data presented â€Å"in the July 2001 SUR11 for study 091and the Clinical Study Report (CSR) filed with the FDA in July 200316 for study 078.17 This analysis provided evidence of the excess risk associated with rofecoxib for noncancer deaths (HR, 2.71; 95%CI, 1.57-4.68; P_.001). Most of this excess was due to heart disease deaths (HR, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.54-9.51). The independent analysis also confirmed the increased risk of total mortality (HR, 2.13; 95%CI, 1.36-3.33; P_.001) first identified by the sponsor’s statistician in April 2001.14†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Psaty & Kronmal, 2008). In any case, the analysis was on the intention-to-treat principle that encompassed different events occurring within a span of 1 year of protocol 091 including additional 14 days employed in following up of the patients in order to ascertain the condition. Median is the statistical measure vividly described in the article. In the article, confirm that after the medication period of following up was the median of up to 1.7 years. In order to attain this median value as one of the measures of central tendency, the researchers used Cox Model, which was later on adjusted for purposes of accumulating ate and sex (Psaty & Kronmal, 2008). In statistics, median is the middle value or number in a given set of data. In order to find the median or middle value, the given set of data is arranged in value order from the highest to the lowest of from the lowest to the highest (Psaty & Kronmal, 2008). After arranging the data in ascending or descending order, the middle value becomes median, a measure of central tendency. 2. Interpret Inferences. Do one of the following, in everyday language without any special mathematical symbols; and make sure to have the correct measures and units. (a) Pick 3 confidence intervals (CI) from the article and give a formal interpretation for each. Answer the question: Which one is the most

Factors to be considered for market segmentation

Factors to be considered for market segmentation This section reviews the literature related to various key deliverables identified for this dissertation. The main deliverables of this projects are developing a growth strategy to expand in domestic as well as international market and identifying the potential location for a cross dock or a warehouse. This section is divided in six parts, first part gives idea about the grocery market, in second part key elements and approaches of strategic management are discussed, third part looks at factors to be considered for market segmentation and market attractiveness, in fourth section a survey conducted by Lawson Software on growth strategies adopted by distributors discussed , in fifth part export expansion strategies are reviewed and last part overviews warehouse/ depot location problem and approaches to identifying new depot. 2. 2 Grocery Market Overview Grocery market can be divided in two main categories one is grocery retailing and other is grocery wholesaling. Eden farm is a wholesale distributor supplying frozen food and ice cream to wholesalers as well as convenience store, hence understanding structure of both the market segment is important. 2.2.1 Grocery Retailing The UK grocery retail market is considered to be oligopolistic as there are so many players and competition is fierce to earn the market share and customer loyalty. The following diagram shows that the retail industry has grown consistently at 3 5% to the present value of  £ 146.3bn (IGD website, 2010). D:Business Projectfrozen food eden farmliterature reviewpaintmarket performance.JPG The retail market is dominated by superstores, supermarkets and hypermarkets operated by big retailers such as Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys and co ops, which enjoy more than 70% market share. Convenience retailing has c21% market share which is mainly dominated by symbol groups. The following diagram shows the overall structure of the retail market. D:Business Projectfrozen food eden farmliterature reviewpaintuk retail structure.JPG 2.2.2 Grocery Wholesaling Wholesalers supply goods to small retailers who cannot directly reach to the manufactures. Wholesalers also support retailers by offering other services like store design and management, delivery and distribution services. Grocery wholesaling is mainly divided in two groups, first is cash and carry service where the retailer visits the large warehouse and picks the items he needs and the second is delivered wholesale where the retailer orders the items over phone or on the internet and receives the order at his store. The total wholesale business is c £18.3bn (IGD website, 2010). The following chart shows the growth of cash carries and delivered wholesale in last ten years. D:Business Projectfrozen food eden farmliterature reviewpaintcash and carry.JPG A research conducted by Quinn and Sparks (2007) on evolution of grocery wholesaling and wholesalers since the 1930s in UK and Ireland observed that the research on grocery wholesaling is almost non-existent. 2.3 Strategy- what is it? Strategy word is used by many people day to day in different context and has become a catchall (Hambrick and Fredrickson, 2001). Carpenter and Sanders (2009) defines strategy in simple terms as Strategy is the coordinated means by which an organization pursues its goals and objectives (Carpenter and Sanders, 2009). This simple definition emphasizes on actions that are either taken or needs to be taken or planned to achieve the company objectives. Hambrick and Fredrickson (2001) supports above definition by mentioning that strategy should integrate internal and external orientation to achieve firm objectives. The following diagram clearly separates strategy from company mission and objectives. D:Business Projectfrozen food eden farmliterature reviewpaintstrategy.png Strategy should address how the firm will achieve the set objective. For Eden Farm the objective is to achieve profitable sales increase by  £20 million in next five years. 2.3.1 Strategic Analysis Michel Porter (1996) argues that strategy is not about achieving operational effectiveness (OE). Porter defines operational effectiveness as doing identical activities in a superior way than the competitor. The reason he says that OE cannot be a strategy is that rivals can easily copy the operational improvements and match the performance levels. He further mentions that operational effectiveness and strategy should go hand in hand to achieve the top performance which is the main goal of any firm. Doing benchmarking makes rivals look alike, so the heart of strategy lies in doing the activities in a way different than others. This highlights the importance of competitive advantage, which is defined by Carpenters and Saunders (2009) as A firms ability to create value in a way that its rivals cannot. Porter (1980) suggested that competitive advantage can be achieved by firms by either positioning itself in an attractive industry or devising strategies which can make the existing industr y more attractive. He suggested Five Forces framework to analyze the industry structure and identify the sources of competitive advantage among these forces and then positioning the firm to achieve an edge over rivals. Barney (1991) argues to achieve sustained competitive advantage firm should have resources and capabilities which are valuable, rare, inimitable, non substitutable and rare (VRINE), this school of thought is called resource based view (RBV). A third school of thought focuses dynamic conditions and argues that RBV has limitations in fast changing environment and competitive advantage is achieved by firms by continuously configuring its resources. Carpenter and Sanders(2009) clubs these three perspectives together as shown in the diagram below and suggests that competitive advantage is not long lasting and firm needs to continuously look back and analyze how they achieved this position and predict competitive landscape in future to influence it. D:Business Projectfrozen food eden farmliterature reviewpaintcompetitive advantage.png 2.3.1.1 External Analysis Industry Analysis using Porters Five Forces External analysis forms a very important part on strategic analysis. The external environment can be divided into two groups as macro and micro environment. To analyze macro environment PESTEL tool is used which is acronym for Political, Economical, Socio cultural, Technological, Environmental and Legal analysis. This analysis is more useful when companies plan to expand internationally and enter into new countries. For Eden Farm being a distributor of frozen food, PESTEL analysis is not more appropriate as the firm does not foresee it establishing a base in other country and is focusing direct export only. (Carpenter and Sanders, pp 133-135, 2009) Micro analysis focuses on analyzing industry structure using five forces model developed by Porter(1979). The model suggest that in any industry a strategic analysis should look at buyer and supplier power, competition among the players in the industry, analysis of threat posed by substitute products or services and understand the entry barriers for new entrants. Porter mentions that depending on the industry the power of each force varies, but it is the cumulative strength of these forces which drive the profitability of the particular industry. The following diagram shows the Porters five forces model. D:Business Projectfrozen food eden farmliterature reviewpaint5forces 1.JPG Above diagram shows in detail the factors contributing towards each market force, managers should give due attention to each point shown below to draw appropriate conclusion for developing the strategy. Porter argues if these forces are weak then companies can achieve very good performance and adds, it is the strongest force among these forces which decides the overall profit potential of the industry and managers needs to give due attention to this strong force while formulating the strategy. Carpenter and Sanders(2009) added complementors as the sixth force to the five forces model and argues that complementors are those factors which help to increase the sales of the firm and increase profits. When understanding the industry structure Porter (2008) emphasizes importance of defining the industry boundaries, defining boundaries too broadly loses the focus and managers become unable to see the real competition and defining industry boundaries narrowly misses the similarities in produ ct groups or potential markets which are crucial for competitive advantage. 2.3.1.2 Internal Analysis A Resource Based View (RBV) Jay Barney (1991) suggested that firms should focus on internal strengths to exploit the opportunities in the market and defuse the effect of external threats and mitigate the weaknesses. The diagram below splits the SWOT analysis in two parts, one is internal analysis which focuses on firms resources and the second is external analysis which classifies industry attractiveness. D:Business Projectfrozen food eden farmliterature reviewpaintbarney.png Barney (1991) argues that proponents of environmental model (Caves Porter 1977, Porter 1980, 1985) have assumed that in an industry firms possess similar resources and heterogeneity in the industry is cannot stay for longer as resources are same, however supporters of resource based model (Penrose, 1958; Rumelt 1984; Wernerfelt, 1984, 1989) believes that firms do possess heterogeneous resources of strategic importance and that this difference of resources can last longer. Barney (1991, 1995) states that to achieve the sustained competitive advantage firms need to employ value creating strategies in a way that no other firm can reproduce it and mentions that it can be possible when a firm have resources which are heterogeneous and immobile. To be the source of competitive advantage resources needs to fulfill criteria of being valuable, rare, inimitable and non substitutability. Valuable resources are those which enable companies to develop strategies which improve efficiencies and ef fectiveness to reduce the cost, resulting into exploiting opportunities and defusing threats (Barney 1991, 1995; Collins and Montgomery, 1995). Barney mentions that firms having resources which fulfill four criterias should be in a position to exploit them to achieve the sustained advantage. Wernerfelt (1984) highlights customer loyalty as a source of competitive advantage. Collins and Montgomery (1995) mention that inimitability of the firm resources can be because the firm has unique physical location, a strong brand image or casual ambiguity about the source of such advantage. 2.3.1.3 Dynamic Environment Analysis Despite its popularity resource based view (RBV) has been criticized by some authors because it does not explain how firms achieve relevant resources for dynamic markets. Mosakowski and Mckelvey (1997), Priem and Butler (2000) and Williamson (1990) argues that RBV is unclear and tautological and fails to explain the mechanism by which resources contributes towards achieving competitive advantage. Teece and Pisano (1994) coined a new terminology of dynamic capabilities; the word dynamic refers to the ability to reconfiguring competencies in this fast paced continuously changing world and the term capability focuses on strategic managements role in adapting, integrating and reconfiguring skills, resources and functional competences to fulfill requirements of a changing world (Teece and Pisano, 1994) . Eisenhardt and Martin (2000) observed that dynamic capabilities exhibit three main characteristics; firstly dynamic capabilities include certain value creating strategic processes which c an be influenced to create new strategies to win in the dynamic market. Second observation is that dynamic capabilities are the best practices in an industry supported by extensive empirical resources hence they are homogeneous in nature which is opposite of the RBVs assumptions. Third observation is that dynamic capabilities demonstrates different patterns in different market conditions, they are complicated and analytical in stable market conditions because the knowledge is established and detail analysis is required for getting new insights and in dynamic market conditions they are simple processes relying on quick execution as the knowledge is limited about specific situations and experiments needs to be done on a more frequent basis to keep the firm ahead of the competition. Eisenhardt and Martin (2000) states that dynamic capabilities are necessary to continuously reconfigure resources and the competitive advantage is achieved by newly configured resources. Dynamic capabilitie s are means to achieve the competitive advantage; they are not competitive advantage in themselves. A firms ability alliance, developing new products and strategic decision making are some of the examples of dynamic capabilities (Eisenhardt and Martin, 2000). 2.3.2 Strategy Formulation using Strategy Diamond Hambrick and Fredrickson (2001) states that there are various tools available to analyze internal and external environment but there is no guidance what the output of these analysis should be and how to formulate a strategy. Strategy should highlight how the company will achieve its goals by integrating internal and external analysis. A strategy diamond model is proposed by Hambrick and Fredrickson (2001) to help formulate a coherent strategy which contains five elements namely arena, vehicles, differentiators, staging and economic logic. The diamond is shown below. D:Business Projectfrozen food eden farmliterature reviewpaintDiamond.png Arenas is the first element of the strategy diamond which demands strategist to answer fundamental question about what are the areas the business will be focusing its attention and the amount of efforts put in these areas. Managers need to clearly define which products, channels, market segments and geographic location will be targeted. Vehicles are the means to enter the arenas chosen. Deciding appropriate vehicles is of strategic importance. A firm can decide to develop organically, may decide to form a joint venture or may acquire the business of existing player in the targeted arena. A firm can use one or combination of these different vehicles to penetrate arenas. Each vehicle has its positive and negative implications depending upon the market dynamics and manager should give due considerations to these implications. After deciding arenas and vehicles strategist should answer the question as how the company will win the customers in targeted markets. Knowing why customers chose the firm over its competitors can help strategist to identify differentiators. Differentiators can be company image, its ability to customize products, price and location advantage, quality and reliability of the service provided. Hambrick and Fredrickson (2001) state that to achieve a competitive advantage a firm does not need to have very special in one of the above mentioned dimension but having a combination of these dimensions which are mutually reinforcing can give the firm a strong position in the market. Creating differentiators is very important task top management should because without them a firm may lose its market position soon. Staging is the forth stage towards forming a good strategy and asks mangers to sequence the actions decided in the first three elements. Staging process depends on many factors such as resources required carrying out the task, sometimes business need to respond quickly to grab opportunities available, in such situations urgency in taking actio ns is critical, achieving credibility is very important for attracting resources and stakeholders and lastly wining early in the strategy implementation phase is important. All the above mentioned factors needs to be given due consideration. Finally managers should look at the economic logic before finalizing any strategy; the business should be able to achieve profit above its cost of capital. Hambrick and Fredrickson (2001) states that, the most successful strategies have a central economic logic that serves as the fulcrum for profit creation. Hambrick and Fredrickson (2001) emphasis that together with strategic analysis and addressing the five elements of the strategic diamond a firm can develop a sound strategy for achieving the competitive advantage. 2.4. Market segmentation and attractiveness Segmenting the market to identify the needs of the customer groups and accessing attractiveness is very important to develop a growth plan. Kotler (1993, p.263) defines Market segmentation is the act of dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who might require separate products and/or marketing mix. Smith (1956) suggests that segmentation help companies to align product offering to different customer needs. Dibb (1995) suggested a matrix to help firms to identify which market segments to target, the matrix is called Segment Evaluation Matrix (SEM) which consist three step approach as defining segments, targeting and positioning. In the first stage, defining segments, many authors (Haley, 1968; McDonald and Goldman, 1979; Johnson and Flodhammer, 1980; Brow, Shivashankar and Brucker, 1989) have suggested a need for appropriate base. Segmentation of customers should be done considering homogeneous needs of the group by a suitable base. Targeting involves focusing resources on i dentified segments; this is achieved by considering market conditions, competition, availability of firms resources and customer needs. Positioning is the final stage which asks to develop marketing plans keeping 4Ps (product, price, promotion and place) in mind to attract the targeted customers. Porter (1996) proposes three types of positioning choices for a firm, first is variety- based positioning which focuses on products or services offered by the firm rather than segmenting customers, this is suitable for firms able to produce products or services using distinguishing sets of activities. Second type is need- based positioning which require grouping customers on the basis of needs. This is particularly suitable when each identified group has differing needs like different products, service level and supported needed. Third type is access based positioning which focuses on different modes to reach customers having similar needs like other customers. Geographic location or customer scales are two examples which require different set of activities to reach the customers. Wind and Cardoza (1974) observed that many companies formulate segments based on intuition, Doyle et. al (1986) supports above finding by stating that key decision makers misunderstand importance of segmentation process. Kotler (1991) offers guidelines for segmentation by stating that they should be measurable, substantial, accessible and accountable. Halvacek and Reddy (1986) have developed a three step market segmentation model consisting of identification, qualification and attractiveness which is the basis for Dibbs (1995) Segment Evaluation Matrix (SEM). Hlavacek and Reddy (1986) suggests guidelines for segment qualification which highlights segmentation based on common needs and measurable characteristics, identifying the competition, similar distribution channel for each segment and defined communication channel for each segment. Study conducted by Abratt ( 1993) identified segment attractiveness criteria as Ability to reach buyers in market Competitive position in market Size of market Compatibility of market with objectives/ resources; and Expected market growth ( Dibb, 1995) Dibb (1999) categories segment attractiveness in four major categories as market factors, economic and technical factors, competitive factors and environmental factors which are as shown below in the diagram. segment attractivness 1 Dibb (1995) suggests that for developing a marketing strategy analysis can be done on the basis of different markets, segments in the same market which can give lot of insights. Market segmentation encourage firms to do competitor and customer resulting into more focused approach in terms of offering products or services and improved responsiveness. As suggested by Dibb (1995) a matrix can be used to summarize the findings of the analysis as shown in the diagram. segment attractivness The matrix approach gives a holistic view of the portfolio of all segments and helps companies prioritize actions and develop strategy accordingly for each segment. 2.5 Growth Strategies for Wholesale Distribution Ansoff (1957) suggested a tool to help companies decide their product and market growth strategies. The matrix suggests four growth strategies as shown in the diagram below. D:Business Projectfrozen food eden farmliterature reviewpaintAnsoff.JPG For existing products Ansoff (1957) suggest market penetration and market development strategies. For new products product development and diversification strategy is suggested. Lawson software in 2007 conducted a survey of 1274 wholesale distributors operating in three regions North America, Europe and Australia and New Zealand to find out what strategies and tactics wholesale distributors in these regions will adopt to achieve targeted growth and find out similarities and differences in the strategic choices in different regions. The participants were picked from different industries such as industrial spare parts, consumer goods, building material and food service. 70% of the participant view existing customers as the main source of growth. Following diagram shows results for three regions. D:Business Projectfrozen food eden farmliterature reviewpaintlawson 1 current customers.png 2.5.1 Selling more to existing customers In Europe executives of food service distribution think that 41 % of the sales from current customer will come from selling existing products more, 46% sales would result from selling new products and offering fee based value adding services will improve 12% sales. The following diagram shows results from different industries in Europe and North America. Europe is more optimistic about charging customers for offering value adding services. D:Business Projectfrozen food eden farmliterature reviewpaintcurrent customers.png 2.5.2. Adding New Customers The survey found that majority of the distributors are focusing on current geographic locations to identify new customers, 78% foodservice distributors are focusing on new customers in the current geographic locations, only 22% sales expected from customers in new geographic locations . D:Business Projectfrozen food eden farmliterature reviewpaintNEW CUSTOMERS.png Targeting new customers in current geographic areas is challenging because they already have preferred suppliers and to win these customers distributors need to offer better service and performance. A good sales management is needed to avoid winning new customers with low gross margins than current customers. 2.5.3. Organic or Growth by Acquisition The survey tried to find growth strategies adopted by distributors. More than sixty percent respondent considers organic growth as the means to improve current operations. Sixteen percent in Europe consider acquisition as a growth strategy. The diagram below shows results of the three regions. D:Business Projectfrozen food eden farmliterature reviewpaintgrowth strategy.png All the above findings suggest that wholesale distributors are focusing market penetration and market development strategies as explained by Ansoffs growthmatrix. 2.6 Export Market Expansion Strategies When small and medium sized firms want to go in international market , exporting is the most popular route adopted to enter, penetrate and develop foreign market because it is less risky and impact on domestic operational resources are limited ( Katsikea et.al., 2005). Firms willingness and propensity and its actual capacity are the two main factors which determine a firms decision to initiate and maintain exporting determination. According to Cavusgil and Zou (1994) when a firm decides to engage in export activity the most critical decision they need to take is about market expansion strategy. The strategy includes identification, analyzing and selecting export markets and deciding number of markets to target. Lages and Montgomery (2004) conducted a survey of 400 export managers and found that export performance of a firm depends on firm commitment and the way strategy is formed. Designing an export strategy for a firm has attracted many researchers, contributing conceptually and empirically. Ayal and Zif (1979) and Lee and Yang (1990) suggested that export market expansion is considered as a firms strategic decision to expand export business by allocating firms marketing resources to identified markets. According to Katsikeas and Leonidou (1996) exporting literature has identified two main marketing strategies as market concentration and market spreading. Katsikeas and Leonidou (1996) defines market concentration as the firms strategic focus on and allocation of export operations in certain carefully selected export markets and market spreading as exporting to as many markets as possible with no particular focus on specific export markets. The main difference between these two strategies lies in the speed of expansion in export markets. Ayal and Zif (1979) argues that in long term both strategies end up serving almost same number of export markets. Studies conducted by many authors (e.g. BETRO Trust Committee, 1976; Tessler, 1977, Fenwick and Amine, 1979) between 1975 and 1985 suggest market concentration strategy should be adopted because by focusing small number of markets a firm can achieve high market share resulting in long term profitability. Studies conducted by Hammermesh et.al (1978), Hirsch and Lev (1973) and Lee and Yang (1990) support market spreading strategy as it can exploit limited market share in many markets while reducing market related risk and gain higher profits .A contingency approach has been suggested by authors like Ayal and Zif (1979), Fenwick and Amine (1979) and Piercy (1982) which says that export strategy depends on company products, targeted markets and factors specific to the firm. Following table shows clear difference in two strategies as suggested by Katsikeas et.al. (2005). D:Business Projectfrozen food eden farmliterature reviewpaintconcentration vs spreading.png Katsikeas and Leonidou (1996) identified certain characteristics of the exporting organization such as experience of exporting help management to minimize the perceived uncertainty associated with overseas market and operation. Marketing efforts and policy variables which include developing market entry and customer selection criteria (Samiee and Walters 1990; Bourandas and Halikias 1991), visiting customers frequently, conducting research of export market, play crucial role in shaping behavior of the firm. A meta-analysis carried by Leonidou et. al. (2002) to identify marketing strategy elements of export performance found that market concentration strategy has a strong positive relation with export performance. The study further observed that export market performance is positively related to market segmentation, product quality, pricing strategy and advertising. However, Katsikeas et.al. (2005) conducted a research on 1000 British small and medium size exporting manufacturers and concluded that market spreading strategy results in long term profitability and the firm achieves valuable knowledge and skills to deal with different markets and develops a very strong sales team. Leonidou (2003) suggests that export business should be considered as overseas customer relationship management which is a process of establishing, developing and sustaining relations in export markets and this process should be monitored for its effective implementation. 2.7 Determining Distribution Location One of the most important strategic decisions is to identify the location of depot for supplying the products to customer on time every time. When entering into new geographic location a company needs to design its complete distribution network. Companies need to improve efficiency of their logistic operations to optimize the flow of goods supplied to customers. When deciding location of distribution system a company need to give due attention to the cost of distribution system and offering a very good service to customers (Perl and Daskin, 1985). These decisions depend on number, size and location of the depot and deciding customers to be served from each depot. In distribution centre (DC) location problem two cost needs attention, one is warehousing cost and the other is distribution cost and the companies always want to find optimum balance between these two to keep costs low. Warehouse cost are divided into fixed and variable cost whereas trunking and delivery cost form transport ation costs. Generally in distribution delivery cost is higher and hence lot of research is carried to develop tools to reduce these costs. In supply chain the problem related to DC are more closely related to vehicle routing problem (VRP), Location routing problem (LRP) and warehouse location routing problem (WLRP). The diagram below shows three components of delivery operation namely stem distance, variable running distance and stop time. D:Business Projectfrozen food eden farmliterature reviewpaintrouting componet.png The stem distance is the total distance between depot and first customer plus the distance between last customer and the depot. The stem distance is depends on the depot location. The variable running distance depends on the number of customers being served and determines the cost of delivery. Both stem and variable running distance depends on vehicle routing. Perl and Daskin (1985) define warehouse location routing problem as the problem of solving DC location and vehicle routing problem. When solving the problem one needs to give attention to various constraints like warehouse and vehicle capacity, route lengths and durations and satisfying all customer requirements. The problem is solved by finding a optimal route to deliver the goods to customers at minimum delivery cost. Each customer is allocated to only one depot. Burns et.al. (1985) considers customer density, demand, value of items, inventory carrying cost and transportation cost per mile to solve the problem. They suggest designing optimal delivery regions to reduce the cost of delivery and then locate the depot. Bednar and Strogmeier (1979) , Nambiar et. al.(1981) and Barreto et.al.(2007) suggest to cluster customers together according to vehicle capacity and maximum distance constraint. Then locate the depot at a location from where all clusters can be served.